[751] As leader, he rarely left Moscow unless to go to one of his dachas for holiday;[752] he disliked travel,[753] and refused to travel by plane. [910], Shortly after his death, the Soviet Union went through a period of de-Stalinization. Some weeks after the controversy, the Patriarchate of Moscow forced Zhakov to remove the icon of Stalin from his parish. [342], Many of major construction projects, including the White Sea-Baltic Canal and the Moscow Metro, were constructed largely through forced labour. [110] In June, he escaped the village and made it to Kotlas disguised as a woman and from there to Saint Petersburg. [914] In October 1961, Stalin's body was removed from the mausoleum and buried in the Kremlin Wall Necropolis, the location marked by a bust. "[590] He personally took a keen interest in the development of the weapon. [503], In April 1942, Stalin overrode Stavka by ordering the Soviets' first serious counter-attack, an attempt to seize German-held Kharkov in eastern Ukraine. He edited the party's newspaper, Pravda, and raised funds for Vladimir Lenin's Bolshevik faction via robberies, kidnappings and protection rackets. [162] In April, Stalin came third in the Bolshevik elections for the party's Central Committee; Lenin came first and Zinoviev came second. [641] In November, the Slnsk trial took place in Czechoslovakia as 13 senior Communist Party figures, 11 of them Jewish, were accused and convicted of being part of a vast Zionist-American conspiracy to subvert Eastern Bloc governments. [802] His taste in music and theatre was conservative, favouring classical drama, opera, and ballet over what he dismissed as experimental "formalism". At that point, the country was only about a decade old and was. [290], In late 1924, Stalin moved against Kamenev and Zinoviev, removing their supporters from key positions. [692] Service argued that Stalin's Marxism was imbued with a great deal of Russian nationalism. [144], In February 1913, Stalin was arrested while back in Saint Petersburg. [271] During the 13th Party Congress in May 1924, "Lenin's Testament" was read only to the leaders of the provincial delegations. [611] It was aimed for economic autarky within the Eastern Bloc. [848] They had two biological childrena son, Vasily, and a daughter, Svetlana, and adopted another son, Artyom Sergeev, in 1921. [149] In or about December 1914, their child was born but the infant soon died. [362] The government's anti-religious campaign was re-intensified,[363] with increased funding given to the League of Militant Atheists. Initially, Lenin's death was blamed on a series of strokes. [176] Trotsky and other later Bolshevik opponents of Stalin used this as evidence that his role in the coup had been insignificant, although later historians reject this. [259] Another disagreement came over the Georgian affair, with Lenin backing the Georgian Central Committee's desire for a Georgian Soviet Republic over Stalin's idea of a Transcaucasian one. One of the most controversial and enigmatic figures in Russian history, he is still the subject of fierce discussions and assessments. [410] With the outbreak of the Second Sino-Japanese War in July 1937, the Soviet Union and China signed a non-aggression pact the following August. [89] Lenin and Stalin disagreed with this decision[90] and later privately discussed how they could continue the robberies for the Bolshevik cause. [646] Stalin, in his tweet described Yadav as a tall socialist leader. [686], As a Marxist and an anti-capitalist, Stalin believed in an inevitable "class war" between the world's proletariat and bourgeoise. [230] Lenin believed that the Polish proletariat would rise up to support the Russians against Jzef Pisudski's Polish government. [494] Amid the fighting, both the German and Soviet armies disregarded the law of war set forth in the Geneva Conventions;[495] the Soviets heavily publicised Nazi massacres of communists, Jews, and Romani. [245] In mid-1921, Stalin returned to the southern Caucasus, there calling on Georgian Communists to avoid the chauvinistic Georgian nationalism which marginalised the Abkhazian, Ossetian, and Adjarian minorities in Georgia. [132] In January 1913, Stalin travelled to Vienna,[133] where he researched the 'national question' of how the Bolsheviks should deal with the Russian Empire's national and ethnic minorities. Copy. [773] Several historians have seen it as appropriate to follow Lazar Kaganovich's description of there being "several Stalins" as a means of understanding his multi-faceted personality. [758] After 1932, he favoured holidays in Abkhazia, being a friend of its leader, Nestor Lakoba. This concept was intricately linked to factional struggles within the party, particularly against Trotsky. In this he recalled the 1825 Decembrist Revolt by Russian soldiers returning from having defeated France in the Napoleonic Wars. [500] He also permitted a wider range of cultural expression, notably permitting formerly suppressed writers and artists like Anna Akhmatova and Dmitri Shostakovich to disperse their work more widely. He remained in control of the USSR until his death in 1953. Joseph Stalin (trade unionist) Joseph Stalin is a Sri Lankan trade unionist, as of 2022 serving as general secretary of the Ceylon Teachers' Union. [467] In June 1940, the Red Army occupied the Baltic states, which were forcibly merged into the Soviet Union in August;[468] they also invaded and annexed Bessarabia and northern Bukovina, parts of Romania. [50] Remaining underground, he helped plan a demonstration for May Day 1901, in which 3,000 marchers clashed with the authorities. [699] After the October Revolution, they continued to have differences. [666] A memorial service in his honour was also held at St George the Martyr, Holborn in London. [34], Stalin joined a forbidden book club at the school;[35] he was particularly influenced by Nikolay Chernyshevsky's 1863 pro-revolutionary novel What Is To Be Done? This has been a period replete with events of a decisive nature. According to Montefiore, theirs was "a true love match";[843] Volkogonov suggested that she was "probably the one human being he had really loved". [542], In April 1945, the Red Army seized Berlin, Hitler committed suicide, and Germany surrendered in May. Joseph Stalin was the dictator of the U.S.S.R. from the mid 1920s till his death in 1953. [230] Stalin lost the argument, after which he accepted Lenin's decision and supported it. [289] He was supported in this by Bukharin, who, like Stalin, believed that the Left Opposition's proposals would plunge the Soviet Union into instability. [127] Around 40 people were killed, but all of his gang escaped alive. [458] In August 1939, the Soviet Union signed the Molotov-Ribbentrop pact with Germany, a non-aggression pact negotiated by Molotov and German foreign minister Joachim von Ribbentrop. [101] In November 1907, his wife died of typhus,[102] and he left his son with her family in Tiflis. [508] In June 1942, the German Army began a major offensive in Southern Russia, threatening Stalingrad; Stalin ordered the Red Army to hold the city at all costs. [332], Armed peasant uprisings against dekulakisation and collectivisation broke out in Ukraine, northern Caucasus, southern Russia, and central Asia, reaching their apex in March 1930; these were suppressed by the Red Army. [215] In September he was returned to the Southern Front. Machiavelli in our time. [226] Along the Southwest Front, he became determined to conquer Lvov; in focusing on this goal he disobeyed orders in early August to transfer his troops to assist Mikhail Tukhachevsky's forces that were attacking Warsaw. [336] In November 1929 Stalin removed him from the Politburo. He did. [687] He believed that the working classes would prove successful in this struggle and would establish a dictatorship of the proletariat,[688] regarding the Soviet Union as an example of such a state. By highlighting the ways in which Stalin manufactured charisma, this article will show how the 'cult of personality' can be viewed as a legitimation technique using manufactured charisma as a tool. [605], Churchill observed that an "Iron Curtain" had been drawn across Europe, separating the east from the west. the unchallenged leader of the Soviet Union. Plans were made for the Soviet government to evacuate to Kuibyshev, although Stalin decided to remain in Moscow, believing his flight would damage troop morale. [696] He claimed to be a loyal Leninist,[697] although wasaccording to Service"not a blindly obedient Leninist". On March 5, 1953, Joseph Stalin died of a stroke. "[841] Stalin married twice and had several children. [69] Stalin detested many of the Mensheviks in Georgia and aligned himself with the Bolsheviks. [710] He first developed the idea in December 1924 and elaborated upon in his writings of 192526. [233] Stalin felt humiliated and under-appreciated; on 17 August, he demanded demission from the military, which was granted on 1 September. [899] Socialist writers like Volkogonov have acknowledged that Stalin's actions damaged "the enormous appeal of socialism generated by the October Revolution". He argued that Jewish nationalism, particularly Zionism, was hostile to socialism. [496] Stalin exploited Nazi anti-Semitism, and in April 1942 he sponsored the Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee (JAC) to garner Jewish and foreign support for the Soviet war effort. [799] He enjoyed listening to classical music,[800] owning around 2,700 records,[801] and frequently attending the Bolshoi Theatre during the 1930s and 1940s. [795] Stalin also enjoyed watching films late at night at cinemas installed in the Kremlin and his dachas. "[845] They had a son, Yakov, who often frustrated and annoyed Stalin. [196] That month, he travelled to Helsinki to talk with the Finnish Social-Democrats, granting Finland's request for independence in December. [440] He was particularly concerned at the success that right-wing forces had in overthrowing the leftist Spanish government,[441] fearing a domestic fifth column in the event of future war with Japan and Germany. [835], Stalin was no womanizer. [66] There, he co-edited a Georgian Marxist newspaper, Proletariatis Brdzola ("Proletarian Struggle"), with Philip Makharadze. 270, Stalin commanded soldiers risking capture to fight to the death describing the captured as traitors;[492] among those taken as a prisoner of war by the Germans was Stalin's son Yakov, who died in their custody. [274] Favouring new Communist Party members from proletarian backgrounds, to the "Old Bolsheviks" who tended to be middle class university graduates,[275] he ensured he had loyalists dispersed across the country's regions. February 9, 1946. Best known for: Fighting the Germans in WW2 and starting the Cold War. The details of the assassination still remain a mystery, but much circumstantial evidence indicates that the head of the Soviet secret police planned Kirov's murder on orders from Stalin. [457] Stalin saw this as an opportunity both for territorial expansion and temporary peace with Germany. C. Lenin believed that Stalin would be a fair and honest leader, so he ensured Stalin's position before he died. "[921] In a 2017 interview, Putin added that while "we should not forget the horrors of Stalinism", the excessive demonization of "Stalin is a means to attack [the] Soviet Union and Russia". [278] Stalin also developed close relations with the trio at the heart of the secret police (first the Cheka and then its replacement, the State Political Directorate): Felix Dzerzhinsky, Genrikh Yagoda, and Vyacheslav Menzhinsky. [151][152], In Kureika, Stalin lived among the indigenous Tunguses and Ostyak peoples,[153] and spent much of his time fishing. [796], Keenly interested in the arts,[797] Stalin admired artistic talent. [27] He joined 600 trainee priests who boarded there,[28] and he achieved high grades. 1893 class table of Gori Religious School including a photo of Stalin. Initially Stalin refused to repeal the Sino-Soviet Treaty of 1945, which significantly benefited the Soviet Union over China, although in January 1950 he relented and agreed to sign a new treaty between the two countries. [108] There he led the imprisoned Bolsheviks, organised discussion groups, and ordered the killing of suspected informants. [473] After the Tripartite Pact was signed by Axis Powers Germany, Japan, and Italy in October 1940, Stalin proposed that the USSR also join the Axis alliance. [589] He nevertheless secretly intensified Soviet research into nuclear weaponry, intent on creating an atom bomb. [929][930] At the same time, there was a growth in pro-Stalinist literature in Russia, much relying upon the misrepresentation or fabrication of source material. [639] Stalin nevertheless mistrusted his doctors; in January 1952 he had one imprisoned after they suggested that he should retire to improve his health. [395] In 1938, The History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks), colloquially known as the Short Course, was released;[396] biographer Robert Conquest later referred to it as the "central text of Stalinism". He had to share power with a collection of other Soviet leaders, including Trotsky, Zinoviev, and Kamenev. [625] The U.S. went to the UN Security Councilwhich the Soviets were boycotting over its refusal to recognise Mao's governmentand secured military support for the South Koreans. [619] Privately, Stalin revealed that he had underestimated the Chinese Communists and their ability to win the civil war, instead encouraging them to make another peace with the KMT. [406] In turn, the anti-communist governments of Germany, Fascist Italy and Japan signed the Anti-Comintern Pact of 1936. [273], As General Secretary, Stalin had a free hand in making appointments to his own staff, implanting his loyalists throughout the party and administration. [684] According to scholar Robert Service, Stalin's "few innovations in ideology were crude, dubious developments of Marxism". [350] From 1929 to 1930, further show trials were held to intimidate opposition:[351] these included the Industrial Party Trial, Menshevik Trial, and Metro-Vickers Trial. [526] There, Stalin and Roosevelt got on well, with both desiring the post-war dismantling of the British Empire. [673] The new leaders sought rapprochement with Yugoslavia and a less hostile relationship with the U.S.,[674] pursuing a negotiated end to the Korean War in July 1953. [756] Along with other senior figures, he had a dacha at Zubalova, 35km outside Moscow,[757] although ceased using it after Nadezhda's 1932 suicide. [346] His speeches and articles reflected his utopian vision of the Soviet Union rising to unparalleled heights of human development, creating a "new Soviet person". During Lenin's reign as leader, Stalin gained a cult-like following among the Russian public and succeeded Lenin as leader of the Soviet Union after Lenin's death in 1924. [399] By 1938, Stalin's inner circle had gained a degree of stability, containing the personalities who would remain there until Stalin's death. [510] In December 1942, he placed Konstantin Rokossovski in charge of holding the city. [31] As he grew older, Stalin lost interest in priestly studies, his grades dropped,[32] and he was repeatedly confined to a cell for his rebellious behaviour. Severe disruptions to food production contributed to the famine of 193033 that killed millions. [904] In addition, while archival data shows that 1,053,829 perished in the Gulag from 1934 to 1953,[905] the current historical consensus is that of the 18million people who passed through the Gulag system from 1930 to 1953, between 1.5 and 1.7million died as a result of their incarceration. [268] Stalin took charge of the funeral and was one of its pallbearers; against the wishes of Lenin's widow, the Politburo embalmed his corpse and placed it within a mausoleum in Moscow's Red Square. It contains a great deal of text, mostly dense exchanges between the player character and Soviet leader Joseph Stalin. [304] His growing influence was reflected in naming of various locations after him; in June 1924 the Ukrainian mining town of Yuzovka became Stalino,[305] and in April 1925, Tsaritsyn was renamed Stalingrad on the order of Mikhail Kalinin and Avel Enukidze. [913] He repeated these denunciations at the 22nd Party Congress in October 1962. [617] Across Eastern Europe, the Soviet model was enforced, with a termination of political pluralism, agricultural collectivisation, and investment in heavy industry. [586], In the aftermath of the Second World War, the British Empire declined, leaving the U.S. and USSR as the dominant world powers. [852] Stalin regarded Vasily as spoiled and often chastised his behaviour; as Stalin's son, Vasily nevertheless was swiftly promoted through the ranks of the Red Army and allowed a lavish lifestyle. Lenin was seen as the figure head of the Communist Party, Stalin used this to his advantage in winning over the Russia population. [580] In the Leningrad Affair, the city's leadership was purged amid accusations of treachery; executions of many of the accused took place in 1950. December 21, 1878 - March 5, 1953. [219], The Bolsheviks won the Russian civil war by the end of 1919. The Stalin memorial in Moscow's Red Square is a shrine for some Russians. [444] Yezhov was arrested in April 1939 and executed in 1940. [588] Although Stalin publicly described the British and U.S. governments as aggressive, he thought it unlikely that a war with them would be imminent, believing that several decades of peace was likely. [534] As the Red Army reconquered the Caucasus and Crimea, various ethnic groups living in the regionthe Kalmyks, Chechens, Ingushi, Karachai, Balkars, and Crimean Tatarswere accused of having collaborated with the Germans. Although he was a tyrannical leader, putting in place the most totalitarian, repressive regime history had seen, Stalin can be credited with the fruition of the communist socio-economic project in Russia, the extension of its model to other neighboring countries and the conversion of the USSR into a great power, without rivals in the region. [897] After the dissolution of the Union in 1991, the rest of the archives were opened to historians, resulting in much new information about Stalin coming to light,[898] and producing a flood of new research. [599], In 1948, Stalin edited and rewrote sections of Falsifiers of History, published as a series of Pravda articles in February 1948 and then in book form. [12] Besarion became an alcoholic[13] and drunkenly beat his wife and son. [678] According to Montefiore, Stalin's embrace of the Russian nation was pragmatic, as the Russians were the core of the population of the USSR; it was not a rejection of his Georgian origins. [340] The USSR underwent a massive economic transformation. At the funeral, thousands of mourners were crushed to death in the frenzy to pay respects to Stalin's body. Explanation: No, Stalin was not a fair leader. [72], In January 1905, government troops massacred protesters in Saint Petersburg. [716] Stalin argued that the Jews possessed a "national character" but were not a "nation" and were thus unassimilable. [470] One of the most noted instances was the Katyn massacre of April and May 1940, in which around 22,000 members of the Polish armed forces, police, and intelligentsia were executed. [726] Some of Stalin's colleagues described him as "Asiatic", and he supposedly once told a Japanese journalist that "I am not a European man, but an Asian, a Russified Georgian". [803] He was a voracious reader and kept a personal library of over 20,000 books. [251] For Lenin, it was advantageous to have a key ally in this crucial post.[252]. [795] Like all Bolshevik leaders, Stalin believed that reading could help transform not just people's ideas and consciousness, but human nature itself. [574] Capital punishment was abolished in 1947 but re-instituted in 1950. [733] He rarely spoke before large audiences, and preferred to express himself in written form. [587] Tensions among these former Allies grew,[557] resulting in the Cold War. Bolshevik leaders appointed themselves to many high offices and started implementing communist practices based on Marx's ideology. [365], Throughout the 1920s and beyond, Stalin placed a high priority on foreign policy. Unrest soon spread across the Russian Empire in what came to be known as the Revolution of 1905. Stalin ruled up until his own death in 1953. [378] Like its predecessor, this plan was repeatedly amended to meet changing situations; there was for instance an increasing emphasis placed on armament production after Adolf Hitler became German chancellor in 1933. [849] In later life, he disapproved of Svetlana's various suitors and husbands, putting a strain on his relationship with her. Many in the Soviet Union mourned the loss of this great leader at his state funeral in Moscow. [307] Here, he argued for the concept of "Socialism in One Country", which he presented as an orthodox Leninist perspective. [707], Stalinism was a development of Leninism,[708] and while Stalin avoided using the term "Marxism-Leninism-Stalinism", he allowed others to do so. [318] Bukharin and several other Central Committee members were angry that they had not been consulted about this measure, which they deemed rash. [173] Bolshevik militia seized Petrograd's electric power station, main post office, state bank, telephone exchange, and several bridges. [820] People who knew him, such as Khrushchev, suggested he long harboured negative sentiments toward Jews,[821] and it has been argued that anti-Semitic trends in his policies were further fuelled by Stalin's struggle against Trotsky. Stalin had called for the Chinese Communists to ally themselves with Kuomintang (KMT) nationalists, viewing a Communist-Kuomintang alliance as the best bulwark against Japanese imperial expansionism. On June 11, 1937, Soviet dictator Joseph Stalin had 8 of his top army generals executed as part of The Great Purge. [427], Repressions further intensified in December 1936 and remained at a high level until November 1938, a period known as the Great Purge. During these years, the country experienced another major famine and an antisemitic campaign that culminated in the doctors' plot. "Deeply saddened," he said. [597] In contrast to his approach to the Baltic states, he rejected the proposal of merging the new communist states into the Soviet Union, rather recognising them as independent nation-states. Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin[g] (born Ioseb Besarionis dze Jughashvili;[d] 18 December[O.S. [247], After the civil war, workers' strikes and peasant uprisings broke out across Russia, largely in opposition to Sovnarkom's food requisitioning project; as an antidote, Lenin introduced market-oriented reforms: the New Economic Policy (NEP). [319] In January 1930, the Politburo approved the liquidation of the kulak class; accused kulaks were rounded up and exiled to other parts of the country or to concentration camps. [647] In October 1952, Stalin gave an hour and a half speech at the Central Committee plenum. [670] The collective leadership included the following eight senior members of the Presidium of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, listed according to the order of precedence presented formally on 5 March 1953: Georgy Malenkov, Lavrentiy Beria, Vyacheslav Molotov, Kliment Voroshilov, Nikita Khrushchev, Nikolai Bulganin, Lazar Kaganovich and Anastas Mikoyan. He slowly died over the course of the next few days, apparently in agony, finally expiring on March 5th of a brain hemorrhage. Stalin's choices of policies (NEP and socialism in one country) During the beginning of the struggle for power after Lenin died Stalin formed an alliance with Zinoviev and Kamenev in 1923, this was purely to keep Trotsky out of power. [437] Such functionaries often carried out a greater number of arrests and executions than their quotas set by Stalin's central government. Repeatedly arrested, he underwent several internal exiles to Siberia. 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