The Deep State and The Unitary Executive by . [44][45] In addition to contesting for control of the Korean Peninsula, Goguryeo had many military conflicts with various Chinese dynasties, most notably the GoguryeoSui War, in which Goguryeo defeated a huge force said to number over a million men. In 2010, that ceiling was 700,000 KRW for a single individual and 1,120,000 for a couple, equivalent to around $600.00 and $960.00. "Republic of Korea" and "Daehanminguk" redirect here. Liberation Day, on 15 August, celebrates Korea's liberation from the Empire of Japan in 1945. Individuals age of 55 and younger than 60 who are not engaged in activities yielding earned income are eligible to be covered under the 'early old-age pension' scheme. Precise numbers are difficult since statistics do not record ethnicity and given many immigrants are ethnically Korean themselves, and some South Korean citizens are not ethnically Korean.[162]. [385] Western-style pop, hip hop, rhythm and blues, rock, folk, electronic dance oriented acts have become dominant in the modern South Korean popular music scene, though trot is still enjoyed among older South Koreans. Previous exceptions for South Korean citizens of mixed race no longer apply since 2011.[267]. [262] In 1967, South Korea obliged the mutual defense treaty, by sending a large combat troop contingent to support the United States in the Vietnam War. Large numbers of ethnic Koreans live overseas, sometimes in Korean ethnic neighborhoods also known as Koreatowns. Most states worldwide work under a unitary system of government, for . [120] In April 2018, former president Park Geun-hye was sentenced to 24 years in jail, because of abuse of power and corruption. Eventually, Chun's party, the Democratic Justice Party, and its leader, Roh Tae-woo, announced the June 29 Declaration, which included the direct election of the president. [106] On 10 June, the Catholic Priests Association for Justice revealed the incident, igniting the June Democratic Struggle across the country. Political figures such as Kim Koo worked to reconcile the two governments even after the Korean War. Dean Rusk and Charles H. Bonesteel III suggested the 38th parallel as the dividing line, as it placed Seoul under U.S. control. [387][388] The survival drama Squid Game, created by Hwang Dong-hyuk, received critical acclaim and widespread international attention upon its release, becoming Netflix's most-watched series at launch and garnering a viewership of more than 142 million households during its first four weeks from launch.[389][390][391][392]. The president is elected for a five-year term by the people. About nine million people belong to one of the hundred different Presbyterian churches; the biggest ones are the HapDong Presbyterian Church, TongHap Presbyterian Church and the Koshin Presbyterian Church. The anti-Japanese sentiment, and the Korean War, led to the destruction of most buildings constructed during that time. ", "Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity Supplementary Material", "Corruption Perceptions Index 2018 Executive Summary p.8", United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, "World Population Prospects 2022: Demographic indicators by region, subregion and country, annually for 1950-2100", "Population Projections for Provinces (2013~2040)", "South Korea is facing a crisis of extinction and it's not due to North's nukes", "Korea marks first-ever decline in registered population", "Summary of Census Population (by administrative district/sex/age)", "More Than 1 Million Foreigners Live in Korea (According to the article, approximately 443,566 people are considered to be Chinese residents in South Korea with Korean ethnicity. The executive and legislative branches operate primarily at the national level, although various ministries in the executive branch also carry out local functions. [177] In 2015, National Statistical Office estimated that the population of the country will have reached its peak by 2035. The average annual precipitation varies from 1,370 millimeters (54in) in Seoul to 1,470 millimeters (58in) in Busan. It is a developed country with a high-income economy and is the most industrialized member country of the OECD. U.S.-Korea relations continued until 1905, when Japan assumed direction over Korean foreign affairs. Following the surrender of Japan, in 1945, the "Republic of Korea" ( / , IPA: tanminuk, lit. [316] The US has recently been wary of South Korea's burgeoning nuclear program, which South Korea insists will be for civilian use only. ", "South Korea's president is removed from office as court upholds her impeachment", "New Korean president willing to work with North DW 05/10/2017", "South Korea's Moon may be on brink of legacy-defining moment", "Park Geun-hye: South Korea's ex-leader jailed for 24 years for corruption", "As Birthrate Falls, South Korea's Population Declines, Posing Threat to Economy", "Who is South Korea's new president Yoon Suk-yeol? [205] Further criticism has been stemmed for causing labor shortages in various skilled blue collar labor and vocational occupations, where many go unfilled as the negative social stigma associated with vocational careers and not having a university degree continues to remain deep-rooted in South Korean society.[206][207][208]. Fee: The reciprocity fee, also known as the visa issuance fee, you must pay. Metal chopsticks have been discovered in Goguryeo archaeological sites. [105], Chun subsequently created the National Defense Emergency Policy Committee and took the presidency according to his political plan. "[96] Both leaders began an authoritarian repression of their political opponents inside their region, seeking for a unification of Korea under their control. Updated on February 02, 2022 A unitary state, or unitary government, is a governing system in which a single central government has total power over all of its other political subdivisions. He won against the backdrop of the 1997 Asian Financial Crisis, where he took IMF advice to restructure the economy and the nation soon recovered its economic growth, albeit at a slower pace. [209] Christianity, unlike in other East Asian countries, found fertile ground in Korea in the 18th century, and by the end of the 18th century it persuaded a large part of the population, as the declining monarchy supported it and opened the country to widespread proselytism as part of a project of Westernization. South Korea has a presidential system governed by a directly-elected president and a unicameral legislature, the National Assembly, in which various political parties Cabinet members are accountable only to the president. [125], South Korea can be divided into four general regions: an eastern region of high mountain ranges and narrow coastal plains; a western region of broad coastal plains, river basins, and rolling hills; a southwestern region of mountains and valleys; and a southeastern region dominated by the broad basin of the Nakdong River. South Korea maintains diplomatic relations with more than 188 countries. Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea, fourth most populous metropolitan area in the world, third-highest life expectancy in the world, with ethnic Koreans representing approximately 96%, Ministry of Education, Science and Technology, second largest number of hospital beds per 1000 people, ranked 11th in the world for life expectancy, third highest health adjusted life expectancy, sinking of the South Korean warship Cheonan, generally regarded in South Korea as having been very negative, Treaty on Basic Relations between Japan and the Republic of Korea, the International Olympic Committee (IOC), over 23,000 troops stationed in South Korea, Republic of Korea-United States Free Trade Agreement, centralized intelligence gathering and analysis, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, market for nuclear enrichment facilities and refineries, History of science and technology in Korea, List of Korean inventions and discoveries, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 21 UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritages of Humanity, 2011 IAAF World Championships in Athletics, "Foreign population in Korea tops 2.5 million", "World Economic Outlook Database April 2022", "The Korean Economy the Miracle on the Hangang River: Korea.net: The official website of the Republic of Korea", "Surfing the Korean Wave: How K-pop is taking over the world | The McGill Tribune", "1369MAPAS E ICONOGRAFIA DOS SCS. [185], Higher education is a serious issue in South Korean society, where it is viewed as one of the fundamental cornerstones of South Korean life. Negotiation groups can be formed by 20 or more members. [134], The renewable portfolio standard program with renewable energy certificates runs from 2012 to 2022. Goryeo was never conquered by the Mongols, but exhausted after three decades of fighting, the Korean court sent its crown prince to the Yuan capital to swear allegiance to Kublai Khan, who accepted, and married one of his daughters to the Korean crown prince. Yi Seong-gye declared the new name of Korea as "Joseon" in reference to Gojoseon, and moved the capital to Hanseong (one of the old names of Seoul). The Korean high-speed rail system, KTX, provides high-speed service along Gyeongbu and Honam Line. Life expectancy has been rising rapidly and South Korea ranked 11th in the world for life expectancy at 82.3 years by the WHO in 2015. This category comprises retirees who voluntarily choose to have additional benefits, individuals under the age of 27 without income, and individuals whose spouses are covered under a public welfare system, whether military, governmental, or private school teacher pensions. The unification of the Three Kingdoms by Silla in 676 led to the North South States Period, in which much of the Korean Peninsula was controlled by Later Silla, while Balhae controlled the northern parts of Goguryeo. The Liancourt Rocks were the first Korean territories to be forcibly colonized by Japan in 1905. The United States participation was critical for preventing the near defeat of the Republic of Korea by northern forces, as well as fighting back for the territory gains that define the South Korean nation today. Other major cities include Incheon, Busan, and Daegu. [386] 2019's Parasite, directed by Bong Joon-ho, became the highest-grossing film in South Korea as well as the first non-English language film to win Best Picture at the United States-based Academy Awards that year amongst numerous other accolades. As president, Park oversaw a period of rapid export-led economic growth enforced by political repression. Male citizens 18-35 years old are required to complete at least 21 months of military service. [citation needed], The South Korean Navy has made its first major transformation into a blue-water navy through the formation of the Strategic Mobile Fleet, which includes a battle group of Chungmugong Yi Sun-sin class destroyers, Dokdo class amphibious assault ship, AIP-driven Type 214 submarines, and King Sejong the Great class destroyers, which is equipped with the latest baseline of Aegis fleet-defense system that allows the ships to track and destroy multiple cruise missiles and ballistic missiles simultaneously, forming an integral part of South Korea's indigenous missile defense umbrella against the North Korean military's missile threat.[268]. [405], Seoul hosted a professional triathlon race, which is part of the International Triathlon Union (ITU) World Championship Series in May 2010. [308], South Korea is an emerging exporter of nuclear reactors, having concluded agreements with the UAE to build and maintain four advanced nuclear reactors,[309] with Jordan for a research nuclear reactor,[310][311] and with Argentina for construction and repair of heavy-water nuclear reactors. [32][33] Gojoseon was noted in Chinese records in the early 7th century. Japanese rule ended following Japan's surrender in World War II, after which Korea was divided into two zones; a northern zone occupied by the Soviet Union and a southern zone occupied by the United States. Read the country information page for additional information on travel to South Korea. [356] [306], South Korea is the world's fifth-largest nuclear power producer and the second-largest in Asia as of 2010[update]. Another multibillion-dollar project was the restoration of Cheonggyecheon, a stream running through downtown Seoul that had earlier been paved over by a motorway. South Korean hospitals have advanced medical equipment and facilities readily available, ranking 4th for MRI units per capita and 6th for CT scanners per capita in the OECD. South Korea's terrain is mostly mountainous, most of which is not arable. These plans include re-opening dialogue around a natural gas pipeline that would come from Russia and pass through North Korea. [325] Like the individually insured persons, they too are in charge of covering the full amount of the contribution. [210] Of the people who are affiliated with a religious organization, most are Christians and Buddhists. [167] Currently, South Korea has one of the highest rates of growth of foreign born population, with about 30,000 foreign born residents obtaining South Korean citizenship every year since 2010. [34] Gojoseon expanded until it controlled the northern Korean Peninsula and parts of Manchuria. transitional governments) South Korea ranked number 10 overall in the 2014 NRI ranking, up from 11 in 2013. The Korea Republic national team (as it is known) has qualified for every World Cup since Mexico 1986, and has broken out of the group stage twice: first in 2002, and again in 2010, when it was defeated by eventual semi-finalist Uruguay in the Round of 16. Education is regarded with a high priority for South Korean families, as success in education is often a source of pride for families and within South Korean society at large, and is a necessity to improve one's socioeconomic position in South Korean society. Naval Forces Korea. Wary of South Korea's Plan to Reuse Nuclear Fuel", "S. Korean Pyroprocessing Awaits U.S. Decision", "South Korea Sets Its Sights on Foreign Tourists", "Hallyu fuels foreign investment in Korea", "South Korea and Japan's Pension System Compared", "The Korean Pension System: Current State and Tasks Ahead", "Social Security Programs Throughout the World: Asia and the Pacific, 2010 South Korea", "The National Pension Act: Republic of Korea", "Terrestrial-DMB adds color to Korean lifestyle", "Five countries on the frontline of tech", "These are the 10 smartest countries in the world when it comes to science", "These Are the World's Most Innovative Countries", "Global Innovation Index 2022, 15th Edition", "Release of the Global Innovation Index 2020: Who Will Finance Innovation? The four largest diaspora populations can be found in China (2.3 million), the United States (1.8 million), Japan (0.85 million), and Canada (0.25 million). [19] The modern name of Korea, appears in the first Portuguese maps of 1568 by Joo vaz Dourado as Conrai [20] and later in the late 16th century and early 17th century as Korea (Corea) in the maps of Teixeira Albernaz of 1630. [198] In 2017, the country ranked fifth for the percentage of 25 to 64 year old's that have attained tertiary education with 47.7 percent. There are approximately 13.5 million Christians in South Korea today; about two thirds of them belonging to Protestant churches, and the rest to the Catholic Church. Domestic film has a dominant share of the market, partly because of the existence of screen quotas requiring cinemas to show Korean films at least 73 days a year. Every 15th day of the 8th lunar month, Koreans celebrate the Midautumn Festival, in which Koreans visit their ancestral hometowns and eat a variety of traditional Korean foods. 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